嘉兴市新居民儿童心理发育行为问题及影响因素分析

目的调查嘉兴市新居民儿童心理发育行为问题及影响因素，为改善新居民儿童心理健康提供理论依据。方法随机抽取新居民儿童548例，本地儿童1248例，采用自编量表评估儿童家庭影响因素，长处与困难问卷评估儿童心理发育行为问题，心理痛苦温度计评估主观心理痛苦程度，儿童心理虐待与忽视量表评估家庭教养方式，社会支持量表评估社会支持程度。结果新居民儿童主观评定心理痛苦程度高于本地儿童（P=0.002）。新居民儿童亲社会化行为低于本地儿童（P=0.000），多动/注意缺陷问题高于本地儿童（P=0.011）。儿童忽视虐待量表本地儿童5个因子得分低于新居民儿童：责骂因子（P=0.000）、恐吓因子（P=0.000）、情感忽视因子（P=0.000）、教育忽视因子（P=0.000）、身体忽视因子（P=0.000）。社会支持量表本地儿童3个因子得分均高于新居民儿童：客观支持（P=0.032）、主观支持（P=0.000）、对支持的利用度（P=0.000）。新居民儿童在新居民儿童学校、混合学校、本地儿童学校的3类学校中亲社会化行为、忽视因子、虐待因子、社会支持均有统计学差异（均P＜0.05）。结论新居民儿童较本地儿童心理发育行为明显落后，良好的家庭教养方式和有效的社会支持系统能够更快更好地促进其身心发育。     

我国城市3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题的现状调查

目的 通过了解我国城市地区3~5岁儿童家庭养育中常见问题,为我国儿童保健专业人员开展有针对性的家庭养育指导提供依据。方法 于2017年在全国14省15个城市的2 286名3~5岁儿童家长中开展家庭养育问卷调查,内容涉及社会人口情况、3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题及其处理难度,采用χ²检验、Logistic回归分析社会人口学因素对于家庭养育问题重度处理困难的影响。结果 在过去三个月中92.9%的家长报告遇到1个以上的养育问题,3.7%的家长遇到3个及以上的重度处理困难的养育问题。家长报告的3~5岁儿童常见家庭养育问题的发生率在52.48%~13.91%之间,其中最常见的问题依次为挑食(52.48%)、不自己吃饭(49.66%)、睡眠问题(46.54%)、不听话(46.07%)等。Logistic回归分析发现,男童(OR:1.25,95%CI:1.02~1.53)是家长报告出现重度处理困难家庭养育问题的风险因素,而年龄较大(OR=0.84,95%CI:0.75~0.95)、母亲分娩年龄大(OR=0.96,95%CI:0.93~0.99)、核心家庭(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.61~0.97)是保护因素。结论 我国3~5岁学龄前儿童家长普遍面临家庭养育方面的困扰,医务人员有必要通过咨询指导为家长提供喂养、睡眠及行为等方面的养育支持,特别是针对低龄、男童、年轻母亲、非核心家庭等家长。     

论当前疾病预防控制体系面临的主要问题

对当前的疾病预防控制体系和机构面临的体系不健全、政府投入不充分、事业发展不平衡、人才缺失和能力不足、缺乏系统的理论指导、体系的碎片化严重、与社会经济发展的战略衔接不力、机构内部内生动力和活力不足以及体系治理能力不足等问题做了讨论分析,以期进一步分析在健康中国战略和事业单位机构改革等宏观环境变化所带来的机遇以及疾控体系的发展策略和具体措施,促进疾病预防控制事业在改革中谋发展。     

Honesty Speaks a Second Language

Theories of dishonest behavior implicitly assume language independence. Here, we investigated this assumption by comparing lying by people using a foreign language versus their native tongue. Participants rolled a die and were paid according to the outcome they reported. Because the outcome was private, they could lie to inflate their profit without risk of repercussions. Participants performed the task either in their native language or in a foreign language. With native speakers of Hebrew, Korean, Spanish, and English, we discovered that, on average, people inflate their earnings less when they use a foreign language. The outcome is explained by a dual system account that suggests that self‐serving dishonesty is an automatic tendency, which is supported by a fast and intuitive system. Because using a foreign language is less intuitive and automatic, it might engage more deliberation and reduce the temptation to lie. These findings challenge theories of ethical behavior to account for the role of the language in shaping ethical behavior.     

An investigation of the effectiveness of Behavioral Momentum on the acquisition and fluency outcomes of tacts in three children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the fluency intervention, Behavioral Momentum (BM), on acquisition of tacts and associated fluency outcomes in three children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A multiple probe design across stimulus sets was utilized to investigate the outcomes of Behavioral Momentum for the acquisition, retention, stability, endurance, and application of tacts learned to a fluency aim. In the intervention phase, children were required to complete a Behavioral Momentum exercise consisting of the presentation of a sequence of high probability tacts followed immediately by the presentation of low probability tacts delivered within 1 min timings. The results demonstrated positive fluency outcomes on low probability tacts across all children. The practical implications of the study are discussed in terms of the use of Fluency Training for children with ASD within the educational setting.